Which of the following is NOT included in the basic functions of the management process?

In the context of management functions, the basic functions traditionally encompass planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. While "leading" and "directing" often seem synonymous in casual usage, they can denote different aspects within management theory. "Leading" involves inspiring and guiding teams, focusing on interpersonal dynamics and motivational aspects.

"Directing," on the other hand, is sometimes perceived as a subset or a specific aspect of leading, emphasizing the act of providing guidance on what tasks need to be accomplished. However, it is not typically classified as one of the primary functions alongside planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.

Thus, in a structured understanding of management functions, directing is not necessarily recognized as a core autonomous function within the established framework, making it the correct choice in this context. This distinction helps clarify that management involves a broader spectrum of activities and roles than what directing alone would imply.